Three profiles included an internalizing-leaning borderline/dependent/avoidant pattern, an externalizing-leaning pattern and an attenuated pattern.
Across studies, three broad dimensions repeatedly emerged: disordered self, affective symptoms and behavioral/self-destructive symptoms.
Most studies found meaningful subtypes around affective regulation, interpersonal style, effortful control and impulsivity/aggression, but methods and findings varied substantially.
Positions chronic loneliness as an important clinical target beyond symptom reduction and emphasizes social rehabilitation.
Identifies self-judgment, shame, fear of compassion and interpersonal threat as barriers to compassionate responding in BPD.
Examines BPD in relation to attachment experience, rejection sensitivity and perceived mental security.
Identified distinct neuropsychological subgroups, including a profile linked with ADHD characteristics.
Emotional presentation drew more stigma than inhibited/low-anxiety presentations.
Study found altered parasympathetic responding during social exclusion in BPD.
Participants described severe global shame, self-devaluation and feelings of being unlovable/unworthy.