-
American Psychiatric Association . (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
pubmed_reference_list
-
Anderson, J. L. , Burchett D., Glassmire D. M., et al. 2022. “Differentiating Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorders in Forensic Settings.” Psychology, Crime & Law 28, no. 2: 132–152.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bach, B. , and First M. B.. 2018. “Application of the ICD‐11 Classification of Personality Disorders.” BMC Psychiatry 18, no. 351: 351.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bach, B. , Kramer U., Doering S., et al. 2022. “The ICD‐11 Classification of Personality Disorders: A European Perspective on Challenges and Opportunities.” Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 9, no. 12: 12.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bateman, A. , O'Connell J., Lorenzini N., Gardner T., and Fonagy P.. 2016. “A Randomised Controlled Trial of Mentalization‐Based Treatment Versus Structured Clinical Management for Patients With Comorbid Borderline Personality Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder.” BMC Psychiatry 16: 304.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bateman, A. W. 2022. “Mentalizing and Group Psychotherapy: A Novel Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder.” American Journal of Psychotherapy 75, no. 1: 32–37.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bayes, A. , and Parker G.. 2017. “Borderline Personality Disorder in Men: A Literature Review and Illustrative Case Vignettes.” Psychiatry Research 257: 197–202.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Becker, D. , and Lamb S.. 1994. “Sex Bias in the Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 25, no. 1: 55–61.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bianchini, V. , Cofini V., Curto M., et al. 2019. “Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) for Forensic Psychiatric Patients: An Italian Pilot Study.” Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 29, no. 2: 122–130.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Biskin, R. S. , and Paris J.. 2012. “Diagnosing Borderline Personality Disorder.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 184, no. 16: 1789–1794.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Black, D. W. , Gunter T., Allen J., et al. 2007. “Borderline Personality Disorder in Male and Female Offenders Newly Committed to Prison.” Comprehensive Psychiatry 48, no. 5: 400–405.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Black, D. W. , Gunter T., Loveless P., Allen J., and Sieleni B.. 2010. “Antisocial Personality Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders: Psychiatric Comorbidity and Quality of Life.” Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 22, no. 2: 113–120.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Van den Bosch, L. M. C. , Rijckmans M. J. N., Decoene S., and Chapman A. L.. 2018. “Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder: Development of a Practice Focused Framework.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 58: 72–78.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Boysen, G. A. 2017. “Explaining the Relation Between Masculinity and Stigma Toward Mental Illness: The Relative Effects of Sex, Gender, and Behavior.” Stigma and Health 2, no. 1: 66–79.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Broadbear, J. H. , Bhagwandas M. G., Crowley S., Cheney L., and Rao S.. 2025. “Exploring the Pathways to Diagnosis for Men With Borderline Personality Disorder: A Qualitative Study.” International journal of mental health nursing 34, no. 1: e13413.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Broadbear, J. H. , Dwyer J., Bugeja L., and Rao S.. 2020. “Coroners’ Investigations of Suicide in Australia: The Hidden Toll of Borderline Personality Disorder.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 129: 241–249.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Cha, Y. , Links P. S., Ba D., and Kazi A.. 2024. “Systematic Review of the Effectiveness and Experiences of Treatment for Men With Borderline Personality Disorder.” American Journal of Men's Health 18, no. 4: 15579883241271894.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Cochran, S. V. 2005. “Evidence‐Based Assessment With Men.” Journal of Clinical Psychology 61, no. 6: 649–660.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Coid, J. , Yang M., Tyrer P., Roberts A., and Ullrich S.. 2006. “Prevalence and Correlates of Personality Disorder in Great Britain.” British Journal of Psychiatry 188, no. 5: 423–431.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Dean, C. , Mildred H., Klas A., Rao S., and Broadbear J. H.. 2024. “A Qualitative Exploration of Help‐Seeking and Experiences of Diagnosis Among Men With Borderline Personality Disorder.” Journal of Personality Disorders 38, no. 5: 455–476.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Department of Health and Victoria Police . 2010. Protocol For Mental Health. Accessed 26th November 2025.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Egan, S. J. , Haley S., and Rees C. S.. 2014. “Attitudes of Clinical Psychologists Towards Clients With Personality Disorders.” Australian Journal of Psychology 66, no. 3: 175–180.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Fazel, S. , and Danesh J.. 2002. “Serious Mental Disorder in 23 000 Prisoners: A Systematic Review of 62 Surveys.” The Lancet 359, no. 9306: 545–550.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Fereday, J. , and Muir‐Cochrane E.. 2006. “Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 5, no. 1: 80–92.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Freestone, M. , Howard R., Coid J. W., and Ullrich S.. 2013. “Adult Antisocial Syndrome Co‐Morbid with Borderline Personality Disorder Is Associated With Severe Conduct Disorder, Substance Dependence and Violent Antisociality.” Personality and Mental Health 7, no. 1: 11–21.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Furnham, A. , Lee V., and Kolzeev V.. 2015. “Mental Health Literacy and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): What Do the Public “Make” of Those With Bpd?” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 50: 317–324.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Gonzalez, J. M. , Alegria M., and Prihoda T. J.. 2005. “How Do Attitudes Toward Mental Health Treatment Vary by Age, Gender, and Ethnicity/Race in Young Adults?” Journal of Community Psychology 33, no. 5: 611–629. 10.1002/jcop.20071.
DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20071
pubmed_reference_list
-
González, R. A. , Igoumenou A., Kallis C., and Coid J. W.. 2016. “Borderline Personality Disorder and Violence in the UK Population: Categorical and Dimensional Trait Assessment.” BMC Psychiatry 16: 180.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Grant, B. F. , Chou S. P., Goldstein R. B., et al. 2008. “Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM‐IV Borderline Personality Disorder: Results From the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, no. 4: 533–545.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Haw, C. , Hawton K., Houston K., and Townsend E.. 2001. “Psychiatric and Personality Disorders in Deliberate Self‐Harm Patients.” British Journal of Psychiatry 178, no. 1: 48–54.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Hayes, J. A. , Gelso C. J., and Hummel A. M.. 2011. “Managing Countertransference.” Psychotherapy 48, no. 1: 88–97.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Howard, R. C. , Khalifa N., and Duggan C.. 2014. “Antisocial Personality Disorder Comorbid with Borderline Pathology and Psychopathy is Associated With Severe Violence in a Forensic Sample.” Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 25, no. 6: 658–672.
pubmed_reference_list
-
IsHak, W. W. , Elbau I., Ismail A., et al. 2013. “Quality of Life in Borderline Personality Disorder.” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 21, no. 3: 138–150.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Jane, J. S. , Oltmanns T. F., South S. C., and Turkheimer E.. 2007. “Gender Bias in Diagnostic Criteria for Personality Disorders: An Item Response Theory Analysis.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116, no. 1: 166–175.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Klonsky, E. D. , Jane J. S., Turkheimer E., and Oltmanns T. F.. 2002. “Gender Role and Personality Disorders.” Journal of Personality Disorders 16, no. 5: 464–476.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Landis, J. R. , and Koch G. G.. 1977. “The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data.” Biometrics 33, no. 1: 159–174. 10.2307/2529310.
DOI: 10.2307/2529310
pubmed_reference_list
-
Lawn, S. , and McMahon J.. 2015. “Experiences of Care by Australians With a Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder.” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 22, no. 7: 510–521. 10.1111/jpm.12226.
DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12226
pubmed_reference_list
-
Lenzenweger, M. F. , Lane M. C., Loranger A. W., and Kessler R. C.. 2007. “DSM‐IV Personality Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.” Biological Psychiatry 62, no. 6: 553–564.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Looper, K. J. , and Paris J.. 2000. “What Dimensions Underlie Cluster B Personality Disorders?” Comprehensive Psychiatry 41, no. 6: 432–437.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Lynam, D. R. , and Widiger T. A.. 2007. “Using a General Model of Personality to Understand Sex Differences in the Personality Disorders.” Journal of Personality Disorders 21, no. 6: 583–602.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Marsden, J. , Glazebrook C., Tully R., and Völlm B.. 2019. “Do Adult Males with Antisocial Personality Disorder (With and Without Co‐Morbid Psychopathy) Have Deficits in Emotion Processing and Empathy? A Systematic Review.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 48: 197–217.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Martin, T. , and Thomas S.. 2015. “Police Officers’ Views of Their Encounters with People with Personality Disorder.” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 22, no. 2: 125–132.
pubmed_reference_list
-
McGirr, A. , Paris J., Lesage A., M. Phil., Renaud J., and Turecki G.. 2007. “Risk Factors for Suicide Completion in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Case‐Control Study of Cluster B Comorbidity and Impulsive Aggression.” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, no. 5: 721–729.
pubmed_reference_list
-
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
. 2009. "Antisocial Personality Disorder: Prevention and Management." NICE. (Clinical Guideline CG77). Accessed February 16, 2026, https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg77.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Newhill, C. E. , Eack S. M., and Mulvey E. P.. 2009. “Violent Behavior in Borderline Personality.” Journal of Personality Disorders 23, no. 6: 541–554. 10.1521/pedi.2009.23.6.541.
DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2009.23.6.541
pubmed_reference_list
-
Osherson, S. , and Krugman S.. 1990. “Men, Shame, and Psychotherapy.” Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 27, no. 3: 327–339.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Pillow, W. 2003. “Confession, Catharsis, or Cure? Rethinking the Uses of Reflexivity as Methodological Power in Qualitative Research.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 16, no. 2: 175–196. 10.1080/0951839032000060635.
DOI: 10.1080/0951839032000060635
pubmed_reference_list
-
Quinsey, V. L. , Harris G. T., Rice M. E., and Cormier C. A.. 1998. Violent offenders: Appraising and Managing Risk. American Psychological Association.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Reichertz, J. 2014. “Induction, Deduction, Abduction.” In SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, 123–135.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Robitaille, M. P. , Checknita D., Vitaro F., Tremblay R. E., Paris J., and Hodgins S.. 2017. “A Prospective, Longitudinal, Study of Men with Borderline Personality Disorder With and Without Comorbid Antisocial Personality Disorder.” Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 4: 25.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Sagar‐Ouriaghli, I. , Godfrey E., Bridge L., Meade L., and Brown J. S. L.. 2019. “Improving Mental Health Service Utilization among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques within Interventions Targeting Help‐Seeking.” American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 3: 1–18.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Salekin, R. T. 2002. “Psychopathy and Therapeutic Pessimism.” Clinical Psychology Review 22: 79–112.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Sansone, R. A. , and Sansone L. A.. 2011. “Gender Patterns in Borderline Personality Disorder.” Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience 8, no. 5: 16–20.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Schwartz‐Shea, P. , and Yanow D.. 2013. “Ways of Knowing: Research Questions and Logics of Inquiry.” Interpretive Research Design: Concepts and Processes, 26–44. Routledge.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Sheehan, L. , Nieweglowski K., and Corrigan P.. 2016. “The Stigma of Personality Disorders.” Current Psychiatry Reports 18: 11.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Skodol, A. E. , and Bender D. S.. 2003. “Why Are Women Diagnosed Borderline More Than Men?” Psychiatric Quarterly 74, no. 4: 349–360.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Skodol, A. E. , Gunderson J. G., Pfohl B., Widiger T. A., Livesley W. J., and Siever L. J.. 2002. “The Borderline Diagnosis I: Psychopathology, Comorbidity, and Personaltity Structure.” Biological Psychiatry 51, no. 12: 936–950.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Stoffers‐Winterling, J. M. , Voellm B. A., Rücker G., Timmer A., Huband N., and Lieb K.. 2012. “Psychological Therapies for People With Borderline Personality Disorder.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, no. 8: CD005652. 10.1002/14651858.CD005652.pub2.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005652.pub2
pubmed_reference_list
-
Tadić, A. , Wagner S., Hoch J., et al. 2009. “Gender Differences in Axis I and Axis Ii Comorbidity in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder.” Psychopathology 42, no. 4: 257–263.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Tomko, R. L. , Trull T. J., Wood P. K., and Sher K. J.. 2014. “Characteristics of Borderline Personality Disorder in a Community Sample: Comorbidity, Treatment Utilization, and General Functioning.” Journal of Personality Disorders 28, no. 5: 734–750.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Treloar, A. J. C. 2009. “A Qualitative Investigation of the Clinician Experience of Working With Borderline Personality Disorder.” New Zealand Journal of Psychology 38, no. 2: 30.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Värnik, P. 2012. “Suicide in the World.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 3: 760–771.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Volkert, J. , Gablonski T. C., and Rabung S.. 2018. “Prevalence of Personality Disorders in the General Adult Population in Western Countries: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 213, no. 6: 709–715.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Wetterborg, D. , Dehlbom P., Långström N., Andersson G., Fruzzetti A. E., and Enebrink P.. 2020. “Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Men With Borderline Personality Disorder and Antisocial Behavior: A Clinical Trial.” Journal of Personality Disorders 34, no. 1: 22–39.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Wetterborg, D. , Långström N., Andersson G., and Enebrink P.. 2015. “Borderline Personality Disorder: Prevalence and Psychiatric Comorbidity Among Male Offenders on Probation in Sweden.” Comprehensive Psychiatry 62: 63–70.
pubmed_reference_list
-
World Health Organization . (2021). Suicide Worldwide in 2019: Global Health Estimates.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Wright, K. , and Furnham A.. 2014. “What Is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Lay Theories of Narcissism.” Psychology 05: 1120–1130.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Young, S. P.
(2021). ‘
(Doctoral dissertation, University of Surrey).
pubmed_reference_list
-
Yu, R. , Geddes J. R., and Fazel S.. 2012. “Personality Disorders, Violence, and Antisocial Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Regression Analysis.” Journal of Personality Disorders 26, no. 5: 775–792.
pubmed_reference_list