-
Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, Cuneo JG (2014) Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine. 76:2–11. doi:org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000010
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000010
pubmed_reference_list
-
Allsopp K, Read J, Corcoran R, Kinderman P (2019) Heterogeneity in psychiatric diagnostic classification. Psychiatry Research. 279:15–22. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.07.005
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.07.005
pubmed_reference_list
-
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. doi://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
pubmed_reference_list
-
American Psychiatric Association (2022) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Internett.
pubmed_reference_list
-
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults .
pubmed_reference_list
-
Andersen TE, Ravn SL (2025) Chronic pain and comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: Potential mechanisms, conceptualizations, and interventions. Current Opinion in Psychology. 62:101990. doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.101990
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.101990
pubmed_reference_list
-
Angelakis S, Nixon RDV (2015) The comorbidity of PTSD and MDD: Implications for clinical practice and future research. Behaviour Change. 32:1–25. doi.org/10.1017/bec.2014.26
DOI: 10.1017/bec.2014.26
pubmed_reference_list
-
Angelakis S, Weber N, Nixon RDV (2020) Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: The usefulness of a sequential treatment approach within a randomised design. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 76:102324. doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102324
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102324
pubmed_reference_list
-
Arntz A, Haaf J ten (2012) Social cognition in borderline personality disorder: Evidence for dichotomous thinking but no evidence for less complex attributions. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 50:707–718. doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.07.002
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.07.002
pubmed_reference_list
-
Back SE, Jarnecke AM, Norman SB, Zaur AJ, Hien DA (2024) State of the Science: Treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 37:803–813. doi.org/10.1002/jts.23049
DOI: 10.1002/jts.23049
pubmed_reference_list
-
Ball JS, Links PS (2009) Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: Evidence for a causal relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports. 11:63–68. doi.org/10.1007/s11920-009-0010-4
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-009-0010-4
pubmed_reference_list
-
Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL (2015) The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 28:489–498. doi:.org/10.1002/jts.22059
DOI: 10.1002/jts.22059
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bohus M, Kleindienst N, Hahn C, Müller-Engelmann M, Ludäscher P, Steil R, Fydrich T, Kuehner C, Resick PA, Stiglmayr C, Schmahl C, Priebe K (2020) Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (DBT-PTSD) compared with cognitive processing therapy (CPT) in complex presentations of PTSD in women survivors of childhood abuse: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 77:1235–1245. doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bomyea J, Johnson A, Lang AJ (2017) Information processing in PTSD: Evidence for biased attentional, interpretation, and memory processes. Psychopathology Review. a4:218–243. doi.org/10.5127/pr.037214
DOI: 10.5127/pr.037214
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bonde JP, Utzon-Frank N, Bertelsen M, Borritz M, Eller NH, Nordentoft M, Olesen K, Rod NH, Rugulies R (2016) Risk of depressive disorder following disasters and military deployment: Systematic review with meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 208:330–336. doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.157859
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.157859
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bora E, Berk M (2016) Theory of mind in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 191:49–55. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.023
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.023
pubmed_reference_list
-
Boscarino JA (2004) Posttraumatic stress disorder and physical illness: Results from clinical and epidemiologic studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1032:141–153. doi.org/10.1196/annals.1314.011
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1314.011
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bovin MJ, Black SK, Rodriguez P, Lunney CA, Kleiman SE, Weathers FW, Schnurr PP, Spira J, Keane TM, Marx BP (2018) Development and validation of a measure of PTSD-related psychosocial functional impairment: The Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning. Psychological Services. 15:216–229. doi.org/10.1037/ser0000220
DOI: 10.1037/ser0000220
pubmed_reference_list
-
Brady KT (1997) Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity: Recognizing the many faces of PTSD. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 58(Suppl 9):12–15.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S (2000) Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 61(Suppl 7):22–32.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Brown TA, Campbell LA, Lehman CL, Grisham JR, Mancill RB (2001) Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 110:585–599. doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.110.4.585
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.110.4.585
pubmed_reference_list
-
Bryant RA, Galatzer-Levy I, Hadzi-Pavlovic D (2023) The heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. JAMA Psychiatry. 80:189–191. doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4092
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4092
pubmed_reference_list
-
Buur C, Zachariae R, Marello MM, O’Connor M (2025) Risk factors for depression, anxiety, and PTSS after loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 119:102589. doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102589
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102589
pubmed_reference_list
-
Campbell-Sills L, Sun X, Choi KW, He F, Ursano RJ, Kessler RC, Levey DF, Smoller JW, Gelernter J, Jain S, Stein MB (2022) Dissecting the heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress disorder: Differences in polygenic risk, stress exposures, and course of PTSD subtypes. Psychological Medicine. 52:3646–3654. doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000428
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291721000428
pubmed_reference_list
-
Chang J-C, Yen AM-F, Chen H-H, Chen SL-S, Chiu SY-H, Fann JC-Y, Lee C-S (2017) Comorbid diseases as risk factors for incident posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a large community cohort (KCIS no.PSY4). Scientific Reports. 7:41276. doi.org/10.1038/srep41276
DOI: 10.1038/srep41276
pubmed_reference_list
-
Charuvastra A, Cloitre M (2008) Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology. 59(59, 2008):301–328. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650
pubmed_reference_list
-
Chen W, Dai X, Chu X, Jiang X, Qi G, Zhao S, Zhou Y, Shi X (2025) Comorbidity characteristics of PTSD with anxiety and depression in patients with accidental injuries: Findings from joint cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 191:107–114. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.09.024
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.09.024
pubmed_reference_list
-
Chu A, Wadhwa R (2023) CSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In StatPearls [internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Cloitre M, Hyland P, Prins A, Shevlin M (2021) The international trauma questionnaire (ITQ) measures reliable and clinically significant treatment-related change in PTSD and complex PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 12:1930961. doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1930961
DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1930961
pubmed_reference_list
-
Creamer M, Bell R, Failla S (2003) Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale—Revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 41:1489–1496. doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.010
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.010
pubmed_reference_list
-
Cyniak-Cieciura M, Staniaszek K, Popiel A, Pragłowska E, Zawadzki B (2017) The structure of PTSD symptoms according to DSM-5 and IDC-11 proposal: A multi-sample analysis. European Psychiatry. 44:179–186. doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.491
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.491
pubmed_reference_list
-
Cyr G, Godbout N, Cloitre M, Bélanger C (2022) Distinguishing among symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder in a community sample of women. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 35:186–196. doi.org/10.1002/jts.22719
DOI: 10.1002/jts.22719
pubmed_reference_list
-
D’Agostino A, Moselli M, Starcevic V (2026) Complex posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder: a truly complex relationship or a diagnostic artefact? Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 10-1097
pubmed_reference_list
-
D’Elia ATD, Juruena MF, Coimbra BM, Mello MF, Mello AF (2021) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression severity in sexually assaulted women: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis alterations. BMC Psychiatry. 21:174. doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03170-w
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03170-w
pubmed_reference_list
-
Dell’Aquila A, Berle D (2023) Predictors of alcohol and substance use among people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Findings from the NESARC-III study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 58:1509–1522. doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02472-6
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02472-6
pubmed_reference_list
-
Díaz-Castro L, Arroyo-Belmonte M, Suárez-Brito P, Márquez-Caraveo ME, Garcia-Andrade C. (2024). Validation of the World Health Organization’s Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 for children with mental disorders in specialized health-care services. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 15:1415133.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Dodd CG, Kirk CL, Rathouz PJ, Custer J, Garrett AS, Taylor L, Rousseau JF, Claasen C, Morgan MM, Newport DJ, Wagner KD, Nemeroff CB (2024) Comparing diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder in a diverse sample of trauma-exposed youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 37:606–616. doi.org/10.1002/jts.23037
DOI: 10.1002/jts.23037
pubmed_reference_list
-
Domsalla M, Koppe G, Niedtfeld I, Vollstädt-Klein S, Schmahl C, Bohus M, Lis S (2014) Cerebral processing of social rejection in patients with borderline personality disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 9:1789–1797. doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst176
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst176
pubmed_reference_list
-
Eddinger JR, Hardt MM, Williams JL (2021) Concurrent treatment for PTSD and prolonged grief disorder: Review of outcomes for exposure- and nonexposure-based treatments. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying. 83:446–469. doi.org/10.1177/0030222819854907
DOI: 10.1177/0030222819854907
pubmed_reference_list
-
Flory JD, Yehuda R (2015) Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: Alternative explanations and treatment considerations. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 17:141–150. doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.2/jflory
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.2/jflory
pubmed_reference_list
-
Ford JD, Courtois CA (2021) Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. 8:16. doi.org/10.1186/s40479-021-00155-9
DOI: 10.1186/s40479-021-00155-9
pubmed_reference_list
-
Fortney JC, Kaysen DL, Engel CC, Cerimele JM, Nolan JP, Jr, Chase E, Blanchard BE, Hauge S, Bechtel J, Taylor A, Acierno R, Nagel N, Sripada RK, Painter JT, DeBeer BB, Zimberoff A, Bluett EJ, Teo AR, Morland LA, Heagerty PJ (2025) Pragmatic comparative effectiveness of primary care treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 82 (12):1203–1215.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Álvarez-Mon MÁ, Casanova-Martín C, Fernández-Faber D, Presa M, Lahera G, Lopez-Gonzalez L, Díaz-Pedrero R, Saz JV, Álvarez-Mon M, Sáez MA, Ortega MA (2025) Grasping posttraumatic stress disorder from the perspective of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology: Etiopathogenic mechanisms and relevance for integrative management. Biological Psychiatry. 98:733–745. doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.01.014
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.01.014
pubmed_reference_list
-
Frías Á, Palma C (2014) Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder: A review. Psychopathology. 48:1–10. doi.org/10.1159/000363145
DOI: 10.1159/000363145
pubmed_reference_list
-
Frost R, Murphy J, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Ben-Ezra M, Hansen M, Armour C, McCarthy A, Cunningham T, McDonagh T (2020) Revealing what is distinct by recognising what is common: Distinguishing between complex PTSD and Borderline Personality Disorder symptoms using bifactor modelling. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 11:1836864. doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1836864
DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1836864
pubmed_reference_list
-
Galatzer-Levy IR, Bryant RA (2013) 636,120 ways to have posttraumatic stress disorder. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 8:651–662. doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504115
DOI: 10.1177/1745691613504115
pubmed_reference_list
-
Gasperi M, Panizzon M, Goldberg J, Buchwald D, Afari N (2021) Posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain conditions in men: A twin study. Psychosomatic Medicine. 83:109–117. doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000899
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000899
pubmed_reference_list
-
Glad KA, Stensland S, Czajkowski NO, Boelen PA, Dyb G (2022) The longitudinal association between symptoms of posttraumatic stress and complicated grief: A random intercepts cross-lag analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 14:386–392. doi.org/10.1037/tra0001087
DOI: 10.1037/tra0001087
pubmed_reference_list
-
Golden A-MJ, Dalgleish T (2010) Is prolonged grief distinct from bereavement-related posttraumatic stress? Psychiatry Research. 178:336–341. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.08.021
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.08.021
pubmed_reference_list
-
Govindula A, Ranadive N, Nampoothiri M, Rao CM, Arora D, Mudgal J (2023) Emphasizing the crosstalk between inflammatory and neural signaling in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. 18:248–266. doi.org/10.1007/s11481-023-10064-z
DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10064-z
pubmed_reference_list
-
Griffin BJ, Purcell N, Burkman K, Litz BT, Bryan CJ, Schmitz M, Villierme C, Walsh J, Maguen S (2019) Moral injury: An integrative review. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 32:350–362. doi.org/10.1002/jts.22362
DOI: 10.1002/jts.22362
pubmed_reference_list
-
Gros DF, Price M, Magruder KM, Frueh BC (2012) Symptom overlap in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Psychiatry Research. 196(2–3):267–270. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.022
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.022
pubmed_reference_list
-
Harned MS, Korslund KE, Linehan MM (2014) A pilot randomized controlled trial of Dialectical Behavior Therapy with and without the Dialectical Behavior Therapy Prolonged Exposure protocol for suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder and PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 55:7–17. doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.01.008
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.01.008
pubmed_reference_list
-
Harned MS, Wilks CR, Schmidt SC, Coyle TN (2018) Improving functional outcomes in women with borderline personality disorder and PTSD by changing PTSD severity and post-traumatic cognitions. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 103:53–61. doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.02.002
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.02.002
pubmed_reference_list
-
Harris JI, Chamberlin ES, Engdahl B, Ayre A, Usset T, Mendez D (2021) Spiritually integrated interventions for PTSD and moral injury: A review. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry. 8:196–212. doi.org/10.1007/s40501-021-00248-w
DOI: 10.1007/s40501-021-00248-w
pubmed_reference_list
-
Harrison JE, Weber S, Jakob R, Chute CG (2021) ICD-11: An international classification of diseases for the twenty-first century. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 21:206. doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01534-6
DOI: 10.1186/s12911-021-01534-6
pubmed_reference_list
-
Heeke C, Franzen M, Hofmann H, Knaevelsrud C, Lenferink LIM (2022) A latent class analysis on symptoms of prolonged grief, post-traumatic stress, and depression following the loss of a loved one. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13:878773.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Heininga VE, Dejonckheere E, Houben M, Obbels J, Sienaert P, Leroy B, van Roy J, Kuppens P (2019) The dynamical signature of anhedonia in major depressive disorder: Positive emotion dynamics, reactivity, and recovery. BMC Psychiatry. 19:59. doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1983-5
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1983-5
pubmed_reference_list
-
Held P, Klassen BJ, Steigerwald VL, Smith DL, Bravo K, Rozek DC, Van Horn R, Zalta A (2021) Do morally injurious experiences and index events negatively impact intensive PTSD treatment outcomes among combat veterans? European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 12:1877026. doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1877026
DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1877026
pubmed_reference_list
-
Hinojosa CA, VanElzakker MB, Hughes KC, Offringa R, Sangermano LM, Spaulding IG, Staples-Bradley LK, Whitman ET, Lasko NB, Rauch SL, Orr SP, Pitman RK, Shin LM (2022) Exaggerated amygdala activation to ambiguous facial expressions is a familial vulnerability factor for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 156:451–459. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.049
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.049
pubmed_reference_list
-
Hoppen TH, Lindemann AS, Höfer L, Kip A, Morina N (2025) Efficacy of psychological interventions for adult PTSD in reducing comorbid depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1–11.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Hori H, Kim Y (2019) Inflammation and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 73:143–153. doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12820
DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12820
pubmed_reference_list
-
Houghton DC, Spratt HM, Keyser-Marcus L, Bjork JM, Neigh GN, Cunningham KA, Ramey T, Moeller FG (2023) Behavioral and neurocognitive factors distinguishing post-traumatic stress comorbidity in substance use disorders. Translational Psychiatry. 13:296. doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02591-3
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02591-3
pubmed_reference_list
-
Houle SA, Ein N, Gervasio J, Plouffe RA, Litz BT, Carleton RN, Hansen KT, Liu JJW, Ashbaugh AR, Callaghan W, Thompson MM, Easterbrook B, Smith-MacDonald L, Rodrigues S, Bélanger SAH, Bright K, Lanius RA, Baker C, Younger W, Nazarov A (2024) Measuring moral distress and moral injury: A systematic review and content analysis of existing scales. Clinical Psychology Review. 108:102377. doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102377
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102377
pubmed_reference_list
-
Jacobsen LK, Southwick SM, Kosten TR (2001) Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 158:1184–1190. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184
pubmed_reference_list
-
Jann P, Netzer J, Hecker T (2024) Traumatic loss: A systematic review of potential risk factors differentiating between posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 15:2371762. doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2371762
DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2371762
pubmed_reference_list
-
Jayan D, deRoon-Cassini TA, Sauber G, Hillard CJ, Fitzgerald JM (2022) A cluster analytic approach to examining the role of cortisol in the development of post-traumatic stress and dysphoria in adult traumatic injury survivors. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 135:105450. doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105450
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105450
pubmed_reference_list
-
Jericho B, Luo A, Berle D (2022) Trauma-focused psychotherapies for post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 145:132–155. doi.org/10.1111/acps.13366
DOI: 10.1111/acps.13366
pubmed_reference_list
-
Karimov-Zwienenberg M, Symphor W, Peraud W, Décamps G (2024) Childhood trauma, PTSD/CPTSD and chronic pain: A systematic review. PlOS ONE. 19:e0309332. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309332
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309332
pubmed_reference_list
-
Killikelly C, Smith KV, Zhou N, Prigerson HG, O’Connor M-F, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Boelen PA, Maercker A (2025) Prolonged grief disorder. Lancet (London, England). 405:1621–1632. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00354-X
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00354-X
pubmed_reference_list
-
Klaric M, Lovric S, Kresic Coric M, Galic K, Coric S, Franciskovic T (2017) Psychiatric comorbidity and PTSD-related health problems in war veterans: Cross-sectional study. European Journal of Psychiatry. 31:151–157. doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpsy.2017.09.005
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpsy.2017.09.005
pubmed_reference_list
-
Kline AC, Cooper AA, Rytwinski NK, Feeny NC (2021) The effect of concurrent depression on PTSD outcomes in trauma-focused psychotherapy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Behavior Therapy. 52:250–266. doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2020.04.015
DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.04.015
pubmed_reference_list
-
Knefel M, Tran US, Lueger-Schuster B (2016) The association of posttraumatic stress disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder from a network analytical perspective. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 43:70–78. doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.002
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.002
pubmed_reference_list
-
Knowles KA, Sripada RK, Defever M, Rauch SAM (2019) Comorbid mood and anxiety disorders and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in treatment-seeking veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy. 11:451–458. doi.org/10.1037/tra0000383
DOI: 10.1037/tra0000383
pubmed_reference_list
-
Koenigsberg HW (2010) Affective instability: Toward an integration of neuroscience and psychological perspectives. Journal of Personality Disorders. 24:60–82. doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2010.24.1.60
DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2010.24.1.60
pubmed_reference_list
-
Korem N, Duek O, Ben-Zion Z, Kaczkurkin AN, Lissek S, Orederu T, Schiller D, Harpaz-Rotem I, Levy I (2022) Emotional numbing in PTSD is associated with lower amygdala reactivity to pain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 47:1913–1921. doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01405-2
DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01405-2
pubmed_reference_list
-
Lamers A, Toepper M, Fernando SC, Schlosser N, Bauer E, Woermann F, Driessen M, Beblo T (2019) Nonacceptance of negative emotions in women with borderline personality disorder: Association with neuroactivity of the dorsal striatum. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 44:303–312. doi.org/10.1503/jpn.180077
DOI: 10.1503/jpn.180077
pubmed_reference_list
-
Leichsenring F, Heim N, Leweke F, Spitzer C, Steinert C, Kernberg OF (2023) Borderline personality disorder: A review. JAMA. 329:670–679. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.0589
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.0589
pubmed_reference_list
-
Leichsenring F, Fonagy P, Heim N, Kernberg OF, Leweke F, Luyten P, Salzer S, Spitzer C, Steinert C (2024) Borderline personality disorder: A comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, treatment, and current controversies. World Psychiatry. 23:4–25. doi.org/10.1002/wps.21156
DOI: 10.1002/wps.21156
pubmed_reference_list
-
Leri J, Cisler JM, Dodd CG, Clark SL, Taylor L, Theodorou A, Belford A, Liberzon I, Rathouz PJ, Newport DJ, Devargas C, Wagner K, Nemeroff CB (2024) The role of recurrent trauma on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and substance use among trauma exposed youth. Psychiatry Research. 338:115980. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115980
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115980
pubmed_reference_list
-
Levi-Belz Y, Zerach G (2023) “How can they treat it if they can’t identify it?”: Mental health professionals’ knowledge and perspectives of moral injury. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 15(Suppl 2):S436–S445. doi.org/10.1037/tra0001206
DOI: 10.1037/tra0001206
pubmed_reference_list
-
Litz BT, Stein N, Delaney E, Lebowitz L, Nash WP, Silva C, Maguen S (2009) Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review. 29:695–706. doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
pubmed_reference_list
-
Litz BT, Rusowicz-Orazem L, Doros G, Grunthal B, Gray M, Nash W, Lang AJ (2021) Adaptive disclosure, a combat-specific PTSD treatment, versus cognitive-processing therapy, in deployed marines and sailors: A randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Psychiatry Research. 297:113761. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113761
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113761
pubmed_reference_list
-
Maercker A, Cloitre M, Bachem R, Schlumpf YR, Khoury B, Hitchcock C, Bohus M (2022) Complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Lancet (London, England). 400:60–72. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00821-2
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00821-2
pubmed_reference_list
-
Maguen S, Griffin BJ, Pietrzak RH, McLean CP, Hamblen JL, Norman SB (2026) Prevalence of moral injury in nationally representative samples of combat veterans, healthcare workers, and first responders. Maguen et al. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 41 (2):424–430.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Manuel J, Rudolph L, Beissner F, Neubert T-A, Dusch M, Karst M (2023) Traumatic events, posttraumatic stress disorder, and central sensitization in chronic pain patients of a german university outpatient pain clinic. Psychosomatic Medicine. 85:351–357. doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000001181
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001181
pubmed_reference_list
-
Maples-Keller J, Watkins LE, Nylocks KM, Yasinski C, Coghlan C, Black K, Jovanovic T, Rauch SAM, Rothbaum BO, Norrholm SD (2022) Acquisition, extinction, and return of fear in veterans in intensive outpatient prolonged exposure therapy: A fear-potentiated startle study. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 154:104124. doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104124
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104124
pubmed_reference_list
-
Mayer SE, Peckins M, Kuhlman KR, Rajaram N, Lopez-Duran NL, Young EA, Abelson JL (2020) The roles of comorbidity and trauma exposure and its timing in shaping HPA axis patterns in depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 120:104776. doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104776
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104776
pubmed_reference_list
-
McKernan LC, Johnson BN, Crofford LJ, Lumley MA, Bruehl S, Cheavens JS (2019) Posttraumatic stress symptoms mediate the effects of trauma exposure on clinical indicators of central sensitization in patients with chronic pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 35:385–393. doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000689
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000689
pubmed_reference_list
-
Mellon SH, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Jett M, Wolkowitz OM (2018) Metabolism, metabolomics, and inflammation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 83:866–875. doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.007
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.007
pubmed_reference_list
-
Misganaw B, Yang R, Gautam A, Muhie S, Mellon SH, Wolkowitz OM, Ressler KJ, Doyle FJ, Marmar CR, Jett M, Hammamieh R (2022) The Genetic basis for the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome among post-traumatic stress disorder patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23:12504. doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012504
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012504
pubmed_reference_list
-
Moeller-Bertram T, Keltner J, Strigo IA (2012) Pain and post traumatic stress disorder—Review of clinical and experimental evidence. Neuropharmacology. 62:586–597. doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.028
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.028
pubmed_reference_list
-
Morris MC, Compas BE, Garber J (2012) Relations among posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid major depression, and HPA function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 32:301–315. doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.002
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.002
pubmed_reference_list
-
Naghiyaee M, Bahmani B, Asgari A (2020) The psychometric properties of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) in patients with life-threatening illnesses. The Scientific World Journal. 2020:8361602. doi.org/10.1155/2020/8361602
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8361602
pubmed_reference_list
-
Nietlisbach G, Maercker A (2009) Social cognition and interpersonal impairments in trauma survivors with PTSD. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 18:382–402. doi.org/10.1080/10926770902881489
DOI: 10.1080/10926770902881489
pubmed_reference_list
-
Norman SB, Nichter B, Maguen S, Na PJ, Schnurr PP, Pietrzak RH (2022) Moral injury among U.S. combat veterans with and without PTSD and depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 154:190–197. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.033
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.033
pubmed_reference_list
-
O’Donnell ML, Creamer M, Pattison P (2004) Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma: Understanding comorbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry. 161:1390–1396. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1390
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1390
pubmed_reference_list
-
Olbert CM, Gala GJ, Tupler LA (2014) Quantifying heterogeneity attributable to polythetic diagnostic criteria: Theoretical framework and empirical application. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 123:452–462. doi.org/10.1037/a0036068
DOI: 10.1037/a0036068
pubmed_reference_list
-
Olszańska M, Hakało D, Suprun T, Kałuska J, Ignatiuk-Chilkiewicz M, Nowicka K, Klimek W, Sokół A, Mościszko K, Majewska M (2025) Post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: Impact of mass shootings. Quality in Sport. 40:59816–59816. doi.org/10.12775/QS.2025.40.59816
DOI: 10.12775/QS.2025.40.59816
pubmed_reference_list
-
Oquendo MA, Friend JM, Halberstam B, Brodsky BS, Burke AK, Grunebaum MF, Malone KM, Mann JJ (2003) Association of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression with greater risk for suicidal behavior. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160:580–582. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.580
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.580
pubmed_reference_list
-
Owczarek M, Karatzias T, McElroy E, Hyland P, Cloitre M, Kratzer L, Knefel M, Grandison G, Ho GWK, Morris D, Shevlin M (2023) Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD): A network analysis in a highly traumatized clinical sample. Journal of Personality Disorders. 37:112–129. doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2023.37.1.112
DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2023.37.1.112
pubmed_reference_list
-
Panksepp J (2003) Feeling the pain of social loss. Science. 302:237–239. doi.org/10.1126/science.1091062
DOI: 10.1126/science.1091062
pubmed_reference_list
-
Paridaen P, Voorendonk EM, Gomon G, Hoogendoorn EA, van Minnen A, de Jongh A (2023) Changes in comorbid depression following intensive trauma-focused treatment for PTSD and complex PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 14:2258313. doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2258313
DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2258313
pubmed_reference_list
-
Parnas J (2015) Differential diagnosis and current polythetic classification. World Psychiatry. 14:284–287. doi.org/10.1002/wps.20239
DOI: 10.1002/wps.20239
pubmed_reference_list
-
Pathak GA, Singh K, Choi KW, Fang Y, Kouakou MR, Lee YH, Zhou X, Fritsche LG, Wendt FR, Davis LK, Polimanti R (2024) Genetic liability to posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and its association with cardiometabolic and respiratory outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 81:34–44. doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4127
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4127
pubmed_reference_list
-
Patton SC, Watkins LE, Killeen TK, Hien DA (2024) Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder screening, assessment, and treatment. Current Psychiatry Reports. 26:843–851. doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01547-8
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01547-8
pubmed_reference_list
-
Pietrzak RH, el-Gabalawy R, Tsai J, Sareen J, Neumeister A, Southwick SM (2014) Typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder in the U.S. adult population. Journal of Affective Disorders. 162:102–106. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.024
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.024
pubmed_reference_list
-
Pleshka A, Crawford S, Wellsby M, Bahji A, O’Connor C, Trieu J, Beck A, Faqiri M, Devoe D (2025) Treatments for prolonged grief disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying. 00302228251364716. doi.org/10.1177/00302228251364716
DOI: 10.1177/00302228251364716
pubmed_reference_list
-
Post LM, Zoellner LA, Youngstrom E, Feeny NC (2011) Understanding the relationship between co-occurring PTSD and MDD: Symptom severity and affect. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 25:1123–1130. doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.003
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.003
pubmed_reference_list
-
Prigerson HG, Boelen PA, Xu J, Smith KV, Maciejewski PK (2021) Validation of the new DSM-5-TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG-13-Revised (PG-13-R) scale. World Psychiatry. 20:96–106. doi.org/10.1002/wps.20823
DOI: 10.1002/wps.20823
pubmed_reference_list
-
Qassem T, Aly-ElGabry D, Alzarouni A, Abdel-Aziz K, Arnone D (2021) Psychiatric co-morbidities in post-traumatic stress disorder: Detailed findings from the adult psychiatric morbidity survey in the english population. The Psychiatric Quarterly. 92:321–330. doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09797-4
DOI: 10.1007/s11126-020-09797-4
pubmed_reference_list
-
Ramsawh HJ, Fullerton CS, Mash HBH, Ng THH, Kessler RC, Stein MB, Ursano RJ (2014) Risk for suicidal behaviors associated with PTSD, depression, and their comorbidity in the U.S. Army. Journal of Affective Disorders. 161:116–122. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.016
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.016
pubmed_reference_list
-
Resick PA, Bovin MJ, Calloway AL, Dick AM, King MW, Mitchell KS, Suvak MK, Wells SY, Stirman SW, Wolf EJ (2012). A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5 .org/10.1002/jts.21699
DOI: 10.1002/jts.21699
pubmed_reference_list
-
Rheingold AA, Williams JL, Bottomley JS (2024) Prevalence and co-occurrence of psychiatric conditions among bereaved adults. JAMA Network Open. 7:e2415325. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15325
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15325
pubmed_reference_list
-
Roepke S, Vater A, Preißler S, Heekeren HR, Dziobek I (2013) Social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 6:195.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Rohleder N, Wolf JM, Wolf OT (2010) Glucocorticoid sensitivity of cognitive and inflammatory processes in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 35:104–114. doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.003
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.003
pubmed_reference_list
-
Rosellini AJ, Szentkúti P, Horváth-Puhó E, Smith ML, Galatzer-Levy I, Lash TL, Galea S, Schnurr PP, Sørensen HT, Gradus JL (2021) Latent classes of posttraumatic psychiatric comorbidity in the general population. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 136:334–342. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.013
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.013
pubmed_reference_list
-
Ross DA, Arbuckle MR, Travis MJ, Dwyer JB, van Schalkwyk GI, Ressler KJ (2017) An integrated neuroscience perspective on formulation and treatment planning for posttraumatic stress disorder: An educational review. JAMA Psychiatry. 74:407–415. doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3325
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3325
pubmed_reference_list
-
Rothbaum BO, Watkins LE (2025) An update on psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 182:424–437. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20250110
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20250110
pubmed_reference_list
-
Ryder AL, Azcarate PM, Cohen BE (2018) PTSD and physical health. Current Psychiatry Reports. 20:116. doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0977-9
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0977-9
pubmed_reference_list
-
Sartor Z, Kelley L, Laschober R (2023) Posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluation and treatment. American Family Physician. 107:273–281.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Schnurr PP, Chard KM, Ruzek JI, Chow BK, Resick PA, Foa EB, Marx BP, Friedman MJ, Bovin MJ, Caudle KL, Castillo D, Curry KT, Hollifield M, Huang GD, Chee CL, Astin MC, Dickstein B, Renner K, Clancy CP, Shih M-C (2022) Comparison of prolonged exposure vs cognitive processing therapy for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder among US Veterans: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open. 5:e2136921. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36921
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36921
pubmed_reference_list
-
Schnurr PP, Hamblen JL, Wolf J, Coller R, Collie C, Fuller MA, Holtzheimer PE, Kelly U, Lang AJ, McGraw K, Morganstein JC, Norman SB, Papke K, Petrakis I, Riggs D, Sall JA, Shiner B, Wiechers I, Kelber MS (2024) The management of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: Synopsis of the 2023 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline. Annals of Internal Medicine. 177:363–374. doi.org/10.7326/M23-2757
DOI: 10.7326/M23-2757
pubmed_reference_list
-
Schumacher S, Niemeyer H, Engel S, Cwik JC, Laufer S, Klusmann H, Knaevelsrud C (2019) HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis focusing on potential moderators. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 100:35–57. doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.005
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.005
pubmed_reference_list
-
Semmlinger V, Leithner C, Klöck LM, Ranftl L, Ehring T, Schreckenbach M (2024) Prevalence and predictors of nonresponse to psychological treatment for PTSD: A meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety. 2024:9899034. doi.org/10.1155/2024/9899034
DOI: 10.1155/2024/9899034
pubmed_reference_list
-
Shalev A, Liberzon I, Marmar C (2017) Post-traumatic stress disorder. New England Journal of Medicine. 376:2459–2469. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1612499
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1612499
pubmed_reference_list
-
Sharif M, Zaidi A, Waqas A, Malik A, Hagaman A, Maselko J, LeMasters K, Liaqat R, Bilal S, Bibi T, Ahmad I, Sikander S, Rahman A (2021) Psychometric validation of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support during pregnancy in rural Pakistan. Front. Psychol. 12:601563.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Shear MK (2015) Complicated grief. New England Journal of Medicine. 372:153–160. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1315618
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1315618
pubmed_reference_list
-
Shevlin M, Redican E, Karatzias T, Hyland P (2024) Testing the distinctiveness of prolonged grief disorder from posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in large bereaved community samples. Journal of Affective Disorders. 363:214–220. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.127
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.127
pubmed_reference_list
-
Simon NM, Shear MK (2024) Prolonged grief disorder. New England Journal of Medicine. 391:1227–1236. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp2308707
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp2308707
pubmed_reference_list
-
Sloan DM, Marx BP, Acierno R, Messina M, Muzzy W, Gallagher MW, Litwack S, Sloan C (2023) Written exposure therapy vs prolonged exposure therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 80:1093–1100. doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2810
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2810
pubmed_reference_list
-
Smith KV, Ehlers A (2021) Prolonged grief and posttraumatic stress disorder following the loss of a significant other: An investigation of cognitive and behavioural differences. PLOS ONE. 16:e0248852. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248852
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248852
pubmed_reference_list
-
Snoek A, Edens R, van Ballegooijen W, Dekker J, Beekman AT, Thomaes K (2024) A network perspective on posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid borderline personality disorder symptoms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 15:2367815. doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2367815
DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2367815
pubmed_reference_list
-
Spiegel D, Loewenstein RJ, Lewis-Fernández R, Sar V, Simeon D, Vermetten E, Cardeña E, Dell PF (2011) Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety. 28:824–852. doi.org/10.1002/da.20874
DOI: 10.1002/da.20874
pubmed_reference_list
-
Spiller TR, Duek O, Helmer M, Murray JD, Fielstein E, Pietrzak RH, Von Känel R, Harpaz-Rotem I (2024) Unveiling the structure in mental disorder presentations. JAMA Psychiatry. 81:1101. doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2047
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2047
pubmed_reference_list
-
Spinhoven P, Penninx BW, van Hemert AM, de Rooij M, Elzinga BM (2014) Comorbidity of PTSD in anxiety and depressive disorders: Prevalence and shared risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect. 38:1320–1330. doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.017
DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.017
pubmed_reference_list
-
Spitzer C, Barnow S, Völzke H, John U, Freyberger HJ, Grabe HJ (2009) Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and physical illness: Findings from the general population. Psychosomatic Medicine. 71:1012–1017. doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181bc76b5
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181bc76b5
pubmed_reference_list
-
Srivastava T, Lee K, Ehrenkranz R, Cozzolino PJ, Wise FA, Burns M, McCormick T, Yaden D, Agrawal M, Penberthy JK (2025) The efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions for prolonged grief disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 380:561–575. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.173
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.173
pubmed_reference_list
-
Stanicic F, Zah V, Grbic D, De Angelo D, Bibeau W (2024) Treatment patterns and characteristics of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A retrospective claims analysis among commercially insured population. PLOS ONE. 19:e0309704. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309704
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309704
pubmed_reference_list
-
Steenkamp MM, Litz BT, Hoge CW, Marmar CR (2015) Psychotherapy for military-related PTSD: A review of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 314:489–500. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8370
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.8370
pubmed_reference_list
-
Stupin KN, Zenko MY, Rybnikova EA (2021) Comparative analysis of pathobiochemical changes in major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Biochemistry Biokhimiia. 86:729–736. doi.org/10.1134/S0006297921060109
DOI: 10.1134/S0006297921060109
pubmed_reference_list
-
Tortella-Feliu M, Fullana MA, Pérez-Vigil A, Torres X, Chamorro J, Littarelli SA, Solanes A, Ramella-Cravaro V, Vilar A, González-Parra JA, Andero R, Reichenberg A, Mataix-Cols D, Vieta E, Fusar-Poli P, Ioannidis JPA, Stein MB, Radua J, Fernández de la Cruz L (2019) Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 107:154–165. doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.013
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.013
pubmed_reference_list
-
van Dijke A, Ford JD, van der Hart O, van Son M, van der Heijden P, Bühring M (2010) Affect dysregulation in borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder: Differentiating under- and over-regulation. Journal of Personality Disorders. 24:296–311. doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2010.24.3.296
DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2010.24.3.296
pubmed_reference_list
-
Van Voorhees EE, Dedert EA, Calhoun PS, Brancu M, Runnals J, Beckham JC (2012) Childhood trauma exposure in Iraq and Afghanistan war era veterans: Implications for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and adult functional social support. Child Abuse & Neglect. 36:423–432. doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.03.004
DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.03.004
pubmed_reference_list
-
von Majewski K, Kraus O, Rhein C, Lieb M, Erim Y, Rohleder N (2023) Acute stress responses of autonomous nervous system, HPA axis, and inflammatory system in posttraumatic stress disorder. Translational Psychiatry. 13:36. doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02331-7
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02331-7
pubmed_reference_list
-
Vonderlin R, Kleindienst N, Alpers GW, Bohus M, Lyssenko L, Schmahl C (2018) Dissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine. 48:2467–2476. doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000740
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291718000740
pubmed_reference_list
-
Vowles KE, Mallett C, Brooks J, Berry E, Rainey D, Briggs C, McCarron M (2025) A cross-sectional analysis of traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and chronic pain in Northern Ireland. European Journal of Pain (London, England). 29:e70044. doi.org/10.1002/ejp.70044
DOI: 10.1002/ejp.70044
pubmed_reference_list
-
Walter KH, Levine JA, Highfill-McRoy RM, Navarro M, Thomsen CJ (2018) Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological comorbidities among U.S. active duty service members, 2006-2013. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 31:837–844. doi.org/10.1002/jts.22337
DOI: 10.1002/jts.22337
pubmed_reference_list
-
Walker HE, O’Donnell KP, Litz BT (2024) Past, present, and future of cognitive behavioral-based psychotherapies for moral injury. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry. 11:288–299. doi.org/10.1007/s40501-024-00330-z
DOI: 10.1007/s40501-024-00330-z
pubmed_reference_list
-
Wang S-K, Feng M, Fang Y, Lv L, Sun G-L, Yang S-L, Guo P, Cheng S-F, Qian M-C, Chen H-X (2023) Psychological trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma-related depression: A mini-review. World Journal of Psychiatry. 13:331–339. doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v13.i6.331
DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i6.331
pubmed_reference_list
-
Watts BV, Schnurr PP, Mayo L, Young-Xu Y, Weeks WB, Friedman MJ (2013) Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 74:e541–e550. doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12r08225
DOI: 10.4088/JCP.12r08225
pubmed_reference_list
-
Williams T, Phillips NJ, Stein DJ, Ipser JC (2022) Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3:CD002795. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002795.pub3
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002795.pub3
pubmed_reference_list
-
Wojujutari AK, Idemudia ES, Ugwu LE (2024) The assessment of reliability generalisation of clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): A meta-analysis. Front. Psychol. 15:1354229. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1354229
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1354229
pubmed_reference_list
-
World Health Organization. (2021). International Classification of Diseases (ICD) . https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases
pubmed_reference_list
-
Wrege JS, Ruocco AC, Carcone D, Lang UE, Lee ACH, Walter M (2021) Facial emotion perception in borderline personality disorder: Differential neural activation to ambiguous and threatening expressions and links to impairments in self and interpersonal functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders. 284:126–135. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.042
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.042
pubmed_reference_list
-
Zanarini MC, Temes CM, Frankenburg FR, Reich DB, Fitzmaurice GM (2018) Description and prediction of time-to-attainment of excellent recovery for borderline patients followed prospectively for 20 years. Psychiatry research. 262:40–45.
pubmed_reference_list
-
Zhang F, Rao S, Cao H, Zhang X, Wang Q, Xu Y, Sun J, Wang C, Chen J, Xu X, Zhang N, Tian L, Yuan J, Wang G, Cai L, Xu M, Baranova A (2022) Genetic evidence suggests posttraumatic stress disorder as a subtype of major depressive disorder. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 132 (3).
pubmed_reference_list