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    "title": "Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Exercises on Hemodialysis‐Related Symptoms and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial",
    "authors": [
        "Sabri Toğluk",
        "Uğur Öner"
    ],
    "container": "Hemodialysis International",
    "year": "2026",
    "doi_url": "https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hdi.70060",
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    "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: Hemodialysis, the primary treatment for chronic kidney disease, prolongs life but is frequently accompanied by physical and psychological symptoms that impair quality of life. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises offer a novel non-pharmacological approach to symptom management. This study aimed to evaluate progressive muscle relaxation exercises on dialysis-related symptoms (primary outcome) and quality of life (secondary outcome) in patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: A randomized controlled pre-test-post-test study was conducted between May and September 2025 in two dialysis units in eastern Türkiye. Ninety-two hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n = 46) or a control group (n = 46). The intervention group received 24 sessions of progressive muscle relaxation exercises over 8 weeks, while the control group received routine care. Data were collected at baseline and after the intervention using the dialysis symptom index and the Short Form-36 quality-of-life scale. FINDINGS: The groups were similar in baseline. After the intervention, the progressive muscle relaxation exercises group demonstrated a significant reduction in symptom burden, with mean dialysis symptom index scores decreasing from 29.4 ± 13.3 to 16.3 ± 6.77 (t = 7.21, p < 0.001). Short-Form-36 quality-of-life scores increased from 51.4 ± 9.83 to 65.8 ± 10.1 (t = 4.67, p < 0.001), with significant improvements in physical functioning, vitality, pain, general health, and mental well-being (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Progressive muscle relaxation exercises reduced dialysis-related symptoms and improved quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Given its simplicity, non-invasive nature, and low cost, it may be used as a complementary intervention in routine hemodialysis care. Further research should examine long-term effects and broader clinical applicability.",
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