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    "doi": "10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.010",
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    "title": "The effectiveness of compassion focused therapy with clinical populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
    "authors": [
        "L.A. Millard",
        "M.W. Wan",
        "D.M. Smith",
        "A. Wittkowski"
    ],
    "container": "Journal of Affective Disorders",
    "year": "2023",
    "doi_url": "https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.010",
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    "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Over the last 20 years, compassion focused therapy (CFT) has gained popularity as an emerging 'third wave' intervention. Although previous reviews indicated its potential benefits, a systematic review and meta-analysis of CFT in those with mental health difficulties has yet to be conducted. METHODS: A systematic search of five databases was undertaken, focusing on randomised controlled trials and randomised pilot\/feasibility studies of CFT only. No language restrictions were implemented. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Random effects meta-analyses were measured on levels of self-compassion, self-criticism\/self-reassurance, fears of compassion and clinical symptomology. RESULTS: Fifteen studies from 2013 to 2022 were included. Findings suggested that CFT was effective in improving compassion-based outcomes and clinical symptomology from baseline to post-intervention and compared to waitlist control. A range of small to large effect sizes were reported for improvements in self-compassion (0.19-0.90), self-criticism (0.15-0.72), self-reassurance (0.43-0.81), fear of self-compassion (0.18), depression (0.24-0.25) and eating disorders (0.18-0.79). Meta-analyses favoured CFT in improving levels of self-compassion and self-reassurance than control groups. LIMITATIONS: The methodological quality of many of the included studies (7\/15) was rated as 'unclear' due to a lack of information. There was a distinct gender gap, with 74.88% identifying as female participants. CONCLUSIONS: This review was the first to examine the effectiveness of CFT in clinical populations. The results indicate that CFT has promising clinical implications, suggesting that the intervention increases compassion-based outcomes and reduces clinical symptomology in those with mental health difficulties. However, future research is required into the long-term effects of CFT.",
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